FRAX®在女性骨质疏松症诊疗中的应用研究进展

骨质疏松症是常见的骨骼疾病，绝经后女性为骨质疏松症的高危人群。骨折风险评价工具（fracture risk assessment tool，FRAX?）是一款研究、应用广泛的骨折风险评估工具。近年来研究表明，虽然FRAX?尚不完美，但对女性人群的骨折具有合理的预测能力，结合其他骨折危险因素对该工具进行调整、改进的研究也多见报道。设立符合本国国情的FRAX?阈值有助于医生更好地使用该工具和进行临床决策。美国设立了固定的FRAX?阈值，英国则是按年龄分层的阈值。国内对FRAX?的研究尚处于初级阶段，暂无特异的干预阈值，这在一定程度上阻碍了该工具在我国的推广使用。笔者回顾了国内外FRAX?对女性骨质疏松性骨折的预测能力、骨量异常的诊断能力、在合并其他疾病的女性人群中的应用和干预阈值的研究等最新成果，为临床医生了解FRAX?的研究进展、探索针对我国人群干预阈值奠定基础。     

Endocrine and Metabolic Complications After Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery is the most effective therapeutic option for obese patients; however, it carries substantial risks, including procedure-related complications, malabsorption, and hormonal disturbance. Recent years have seen an increase in the bariatric surgeries performed utilizing either an independent or a combination of restrictive and malabsorptive procedures. We review some complications of bariatric procedures more specifically, hypoglycemia and osteoporosis, the recommended preoperative assessment and then regular follow up, and the therapeutic options. Surgeon, internist, and the patient must be aware of the multiple risks of this kind of surgery and the needed assessment and follow up.     

从BMSCs探讨“肾主骨生髓”理论指导下中医药治疗骨质疏松症的研究

摘要：骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)是在一定条件下能够向成骨细胞分化的多能干细胞，其增殖分化与中医“肾主骨生髓”理论及骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)关系密切，大量研究表明传统补肾中药诱导BMSCs增殖分化治疗OP疗效显著。本文以中医“肾主骨生髓”理论为指导，探讨“肾藏精-主骨生髓-BMSCs-OP”之间的科学内涵，并探讨“补肾生髓”理论指导下传统补肾中药通过诱导BMSCs成骨分化与OP的关系，结合补肾中药及复方诱导BMSCs治疗OP的现代医学研究，为进一步探索有效的中医药治疗方案及发挥中医药独特优势提供依据。     

骨质疏松中的自噬相关信号通路

骨质疏松症（osteoporosis，OP）是以全身性骨量的丢失、骨微观结构的退行性改变为特征的骨骼疾病，根本原因在于成骨细胞和破骨细胞的动态平衡失调。自噬（Autophagy）能够通过影响成骨和破骨细胞分化的过程改变两者的平衡关系，这就提示我们可以从调控自噬的角度对骨质疏松的病情发展进行干预。本文就自噬的信号通路在骨质疏松症方面的研究进展进行综述，希望为进一步探究自噬信号通路的内在调控机制，选择适当的干预靶点，选择性发挥自噬对成骨、破骨细胞的调节作用，为临床上治疗骨质疏松症提供新的思路。     

A meta-analysis of the secondary fractures for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty

To identify the risk factors of the secondary fractures for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP).We conducted a search of relevant articles using Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Embase, the Web of Science and other databases. The time range we retrieved from establishment of the electronic database to November 2017. Gray studies were found in the references of included literature reports. STATA version 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas) was used to analyze the pooled data.Fourteen studies involving 1910 patients, 395 of whom had fracture secondary to the surgery were included in this meta-analysis. The result of meta-analyses showed the risk factors of the secondary fractures for OVCFs after PVP was related to bone mineral density (BMD) [95%CI (−0.650, −0.164), SMD=−0.407, P=.001], cement leakage ((RR=0.596, 95%CI (0.444,0.798), P = .001)), and kyphosis after primary operation ((SMD=0.741, 95%CI (0.449,1.032), P = .000)), but not to gender, age, body mass index, cement volume, thoracolumbar spine, and cement injection approaches.Bone mineral density, cement leakage, and kyphosis after primary operation are the risk factors closely correlative to the secondary fracture after PVP. There have not been enough evidences to support the association between the secondary fracture and gender, age, body mass index, cement volume, thoracolumbar spine, and cement injection approaches.     

唑来膦酸对芳香化酶抑制剂辅助治疗乳腺癌患者骨密度的影响

目的观察唑来膦酸对芳香化酶抑制剂辅助治疗乳腺癌患者骨密度的影响。方法前瞻性评估了102例绝经后临床激素受体阳性乳腺癌I-III A期患者术后12个月内腰椎和双侧股骨颈的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)改变。患者术后接受芳香酶抑制剂作为辅助治疗且患有骨质疏松症(腰椎或双侧股骨颈BMD,相当于T值分类≤-2. 5)的女性。患者12个月内接受补充钙、维生素D和5 mg静脉注射唑来膦酸治疗。结果腰椎骨密度在6个月和12个月时分别增加了4. 9%和6. 6%。右股骨颈和左股骨颈的BMD分别为3. 3%和4. 1%。在该研究中未观察到低钙血症、颌骨坏死和非创伤性临床骨折。结论本研究表明,接受佐剂芳香酶抑制剂治疗的妇女接受一次唑来膦酸治疗后BMD大幅增加,无论其芳香酶抑制剂治疗的历史如何。     

补肾中药诱导骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化防治骨质疏松的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)是干细胞研究领域的热点。BMSCs增殖分化成成骨细胞与中医"肾藏精"理论有一定联系,应用补肾中药干预BMSCs增殖分化防治OP具有良好研究的前景。从中医"肾藏精"理论与BMSCs的关系以及补肾中药(单味中药与单体,中药复方)两个方面,对近年来补肾中药诱导BMSCs增殖分化防治OP的研究进展进行了综述。     

地舒单抗在类风湿性关节炎中的应用

骨质疏松是类风湿性关节炎的常见并发症。地舒单抗是一种可与核因子kappa-B 受体激动剂配体结合 的全人源性单克隆抗体，能抑制破骨细胞活性，增加骨密度，减少骨折发生率，并且安全性良好。地舒单抗越来越 多的用于类风湿性关节炎的治疗。地舒单抗可以增加类风湿关节炎患者的骨密度，阻止骨侵蚀和关节周围骨质 流失的发生，降低骨折的发生率，但不影响滑膜炎症和关节活动度。地舒单抗与治疗类风湿性关节炎的药物联合 应用可协同抑制骨侵蚀，且耐受性良好，感染的发生率并未增加，同时需关注颌骨坏死和非典型股骨骨折等罕见 副作用，建议补充维生素D 及钙剂预防低钙血症。地舒单抗在停药后，警惕骨密度下降及锥体骨折等风险，建议 在医师指导下停药，可在停药后转换为双膦酸盐等继续治疗。     

Association between periodontitis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Consensus has yet to be reached about the prevention and treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), which is a treatment sequela of several antiresorptive therapies and other pharmaceutical interventions. Several epidemiologic studies have identified periodontal disease (PD) as a risk factor for this outcome. Thus, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate this association and its magnitude. A systematic search in MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science, and a meta-analysis were undertaken. Observational studies that gathered information regarding prefixed definitions for both outcomes were selected, and the relevant information was then extracted, and their risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The protocol of the study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019125646). The initial search yielded 757 eligible records, of which 12 were deemed adequate for inclusion (5 cohort studies and 7 case-control studies). On a random-effects meta-analysis, the risk of PD in MRONJ-affected sites compared with at-risk non-affected patients was significantly greater, with a risk ratio of 2.75 (95% CI: 1.67-4.52). Nonetheless, from a pooled analysis of three standardized periodontal measures (ie plaque index, clinical attachment loss and probing depth) no significant results were obtained. MRONJ appears to be associated with an increase in prevalence of PD. The direction of this association, and the factors influencing it must be investigated using further prospective data, and likewise, the possibility for using periodontal therapy as a prevention strategy must be looked into. Periodontal screening needs to be made an indispensable requisite for clinicians in order to establish a correct multidisciplinary approach in MRONJ.